Qdy Qauv Hluav Taws Xob Hook Ob Chav Girder Choj Crane

Decoding tus qauv tsim: QDY

Hauv Suav crane qauv coding system (feem ntau raws li JB / T 1306 tus qauv),QDYtawg raws li hauv qab no:

Q(Qi Zhong Ji / 起重机):Lub taub hau Crane

D(Ob chav / 双梁):Ob chav Girder(qhia txog ob lub ntsiab load-bearing beams)

Y(Yuan Zhu / 圆柱):"Cylindrical"- Qhov no yog tus cim tseem ceeb. Nws ib txwm hais txog cranes qhov twg lub trolley thiab hoist unit khiav ntawmcylindrical rails los yog lemmounted rau sab saum toj ntawm lub ntsiab girders, as opposed to square rails los yog flanged log ntawm tiaj tus. Hauv kev siv niaj hnub no, "Y" tau los sawv cev dav davtus qauv, dav dav - lub hom phiaj hluav taws xob nuv ob chav girder crane.

Yog li,QDY=Standard Electric Hook Ob Chav Girder Choj Crane.

 

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb & Tsim Philosophy

QDY yog tsim los ua ib qhoruaj khov, txhim khu kev qha, thiab tus nqi- zooworkhorse rau lub Hoobkas thiab warehouse ua haujlwm. Nws yog Suav kev lag luam sib npaug rau lub ntiaj tebEOT (Electric Overhead Traveling) Crane.

Ob chav Girder Box Structure:Siv ob lub thawv welded girders rau siab zog, tsawg deflection, thiab haum rau nruab nrab mus rau hnyav loads (feem ntau 5 mus rau 50/80 tons) thiab nruab nrab mus rau ntev spans (10.5m rau 31.5m +).

Electric Hoist li Trolley:Tsis zoo li cranes nrog ib lub trolley sib cais thiab nruas hoist, QDY feem ntau siv astandardized fais hlau hlua hoist(zoo li CD / MD lossis cov qauv zoo sib xws) mounted rau ntawm ib qho yooj yim trolley ncej. Lub hoist no ua haujlwm raws li ob qho tib si lub tshuab nqa thiab lub trolley tus ntoo khaub lig- tsav tsheb mus los.

Trolley khiav Mechanism:Lub hoist/trolley unit khiav ntawmrails mounted rau sab saum toj ntawm lub ntsiab girders. Kev tsav tsheb feem ntau yog los ntawm kev sib cais lub cev muaj zog thiab gearbox ntawm lub trolley ncej, tsav lub log uas koom nrog txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau.

Choj Ncig Tebchaws (Long Travel):Tag nrho tus choj txav ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom kawg raws txoj kab khiav. Kev tsav tsheb feem ntau yog "kev sib cais" system, nrog lub cev muaj zog thiab gearbox ntawm txhua lub tsheb kawg.

Tswj:Standard kev ua haujlwm yog los ntawm apendant thawb- khawm chaw nres tshebraug tshem tawm los ntawm crane. Kev ua haujlwm cab lossis xov tooj cua tswj chaw taws teeb yog cov kev xaiv ntau.

 

Qhov zoo ntawm QDY Crane

Tus nqi -zoo:Tus qauv tsim thiab siv cov khoom loj- tsim cov hoists kom tus nqi qis dua li kev cai -engineered cranes.

Txhim khu kev qha & pov thawj:Yooj yim, lub sijhawm- sim tshuab thiab hluav taws xob tsim kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Kev tu yooj yim:Cheebtsam zoo li lub hoist yog tus qauv thiab yooj yim muaj, ua kev kho thiab hloov ib feem ncaj nraim.

Zoo Load Capacity & Span:Qhov kev tsim ob chav girder ua haujlwm hnyav dua thiab siv sijhawm ntev dua zoo dua li ib leeg girder (LD-hom) cranes.

Modular & Customizable:Thaum tus qauv, cov kev xaiv tuaj yeem ntxiv rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb (cov chav ua haujlwm siab dua, kev tswj sib txawv, kev nyab xeeb tshwj xeeb).

 

Qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm lwm cov qauv

QDY vs. QD (los yog European-style EOT):

QDfeem ntau yog hais txog qhov hnyav dua -duty ob chav girder crane nrog acais trolley thiab nruas hoist. QD's trolley yog qhov muaj zog dua, thiab nws lub nruas hoist yog tsim rau lub luag haujlwm ntau dua (A5-A7). QDY, nrog rau nws cov qauv hoist, feem ntau yog siv rau kev siv lub luag haujlwm sib zog.

QDY vs LD (Single Girder):

LDyog ib lub crane nrog ib tug hoist khiav hauv qab beam. Nws yog pheej yig dua thiab haum rau lub teeb loads (<20t) and short spans (<~22.5m). QDY is for heavier/higher/longer requirements.

QDY vs Grab Bucket Crane:

Qhov no yog qhov txawv txav.QDY siv HOOK. Nws yog rau nqadiscrete, unitized loads. Lub thoob thoob crane hloov tus nuv nrog lub thoob clamshell raubulk, granular cov ntaub ntawv(coal, grain, xuab zeb).

 

Key Technical Parameters (Tshwj xeeb Range)

Parameter	Feem ntau	Sau ntawv
Lifting peev	5, 10, 16/20, 32, 50 tons	Tus qauv ntsuas txog 80t lossis ntau dua.
Ntev (S)	10.5m rau 31.5m	Nyob rau hauv increments ntawm 3m los yog 0.5m. Ntev spans tau nrog kev txhawb zog tsim.
Lifting qhov siab (H)	6m, 9m, 12m, 18m, 24m, 30m	Kev cai qhov siab muaj.
Ua Haujlwm	A3, A4, A5	Txhais los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm pib ib teev thiab load spectrum.
Hoist Ceev	~ 7-8 m / min (qhov loj) / ~ 0.8-2 m / min (aux)	Nws txawv nrog lub peev xwm. Dual -ceev hoists feem ntau.
Taug kev ceev	~ 20 m / min (Trolley) / ~ 30 m / min (Bridge)	Crane taug kev ceev feem ntau 20-40 m / min.
Fais fab mov	3-Phase, 380V, 50Hz	Txheem rau Suav lag luam. Lwm yam voltages muaj.

 

Ntawm no yog ib qho kev ua tiav ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tseem ceeb rau tus qauv QDY crane, tsim los ntawm qhov system thiab kev ua haujlwm.

 

1. BRIDGE STRUCTURE

1.1 Main Girders

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:Ob lub ntsiab thauj khoom -cov kabmob uas hla lub rooj cob qhia.

Tsim: Welded box girdersua los ntawm cov hlau phaj (feem ntau Q235B lossis Q345B).

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb:

Ua ntej-cambered:Manufactured nrog ib tug upward nkhaus rau counteract deflection nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov load.

Trolley Rails:Sab saum toj nto tau precisely dlhossteel rails(feem ntau yog P-type lossis QU-type) rau lub tsheb thauj mus los.

Diaphragms:Internal stiffening daim hlau los tiv thaiv buckling thiab torsion.

Kev sib txuas phaj:Ntawm txhua qhov kawg, nrog machined qhov rau bolting mus rau qhov kawg tsheb.

1.2 Xaus Tsheb

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:Lub log sib dhos uas txhawb nqa tus choj girders thiab pab kom ntev mus raws txoj kev khiav.

Cheebtsam:

End Truck Ncej:Rigid, fabricated steel box qauv.

Log (Tsheb kauj vab): Ob -flanged forged steel loguas khiav ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Feem ntau 4 lossis 8 lub log tag nrho.

Qag & Bearings:Cov log yog mounted rau axles nrog hnyav -lub luag hauj lwmspherical cov menyuam bearings.

Drive Assembly:Rau cov tsav tsheb kawg.

Tsis Siv Neeg (Bumper):Rubber lossis polyurethane shock absorbers ntawm txhua qhov kawg kom nqus tau qhov cuam tshuam.

2. TROLLEY & HOISTING SYSTEM

Hauv QDY, lub trolley yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom rau tus qauv hluav taws xob hoist.

2.1 Trolley Ncej

Ib tug nruj steel ncej nrogplaub (los yog yim) lub log khiavuas koom nrog rails ntawm lub ntsiab girders.

2.2 Trolley Tsav Tsheb

Tsav Tsav:Ib qho txawv, flange -mountedpeb -phase brake motor.

Gearbox:Ib qho me metxo gearboxtxuas nrog lub log tsav.

Tsav Log:Feem ntau 2 ntawm lub trolley lub log yog tsav.

2.3 Hluav taws xob hlau hlua Hoist

Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb lifting tivthaiv, mounted centrally ntawm lub trolley ncej.

Hoist Tsav: Dual -ceev conical rotor lub cev muaj zog(eg, ZD/YZD series). Muab lub ntsiab (ceev) thiab micro (slow) lifting speeds.

Conical Rotor Tsim:Lub nres yog kev sib xyaw ua ke; Thaum lub hwj chim raug txiav, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thawb lub rotor mus rau hauv lub conical stator, tsim kom muaj lub tshuab nres tam sim.

Iav tsheb ciav hlau:Ntau -theem helical lossis planetary iav nyob rau hauv lub hoist vaj tse kom txo tau ceev.

Nruas:Ib tug grooved steel nruas nyob ib ncig ntawm uas cov hlua hlau raug mob.

Hlau hlua: 6x37o 6 x19steel hlau hlua nrog ib tug fiber ntau tub ntxhais (FC) los yog ywj siab hlau hlua tub ntxhais (IWRC). Fitted nrog anuv block.

Hook Block:Lub rooj sib txoos qis uas muaj covswivel nuv(Qib 80 alloy steel), sheaves, thiab overload kev ruaj ntseg latch.

Upper/Lower Limit Switches:Mechanical lossis rotary limit switches uas txiav lub hwj chim nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab kev txwv tsis pub dhau.

3. TRAVEL DRIVE SYSTEM

3.1 Choj (ntev) Tsav Tsheb

Drive Configuration: Cais Tsavfeem ntau yog rau QDY. Txhua lub tsheb kawg muaj nws tus kheej tsav tsheb, synchronized hluav taws xob.

Drive Unit:Niaj hnub nimno QDY cranes siv"Peb-hauv-Ib" Drive Units.

Qhov no yog ib lub pob integrated combining lubnres lub cev muaj zog, hardened helical iav reducer, thiablog couplingrau hauv ib qho compact, flange -mounted unit. Nws yog txhim khu kev qha thiab yooj yim los tswj.

Lwm txoj kev:Ib txwm cais lub cev muaj zog, sib txuas, thiab teeb tsa gearbox kuj tseem siv tau.

 

4. ELECTRICAL & CONTROL SYSTEM

4.1 Power Supply System

Main Power Source: 380V, 3-phase, 50Hz AC(Standard Tuam Tshoj Industrial).

Fais fab mov rau Crane:

Flexible Cable (Drag Cable) Txoj Kev:Ib qho hnyav -lub luag haujlwm roj hmab- sheathed cable raug tshem tawm hauv lub voj voog, rub los ntawm crane. Feem ntau rau cov spans me.

Cable Reel lossis Festoon System:Ntau tshaj rau QDY. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav-tsav los yog lub cev muaj zog tswj lub zog cable.Slip Ring Collectorsystems yog siv los ntxuav lub zog xa mus rau lub crane txav.

Main Circuit Breaker:Nyob hauvMain Hluav Taws Xob Vaj Huam Sib Luagntawm tus choj, muab luv- Circuit Court thiab overload tiv thaiv rau tag nrho cov crane.

 

4.2 Tswj System

Tswj Voltage:Feem ntau36V los yog 48Vkev nyab xeeb ntxiv- tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob (SELV) rau tus neeg teb xov tooj tswj.

Tswj Vaj Huam Sib Luag:Tsev:

Contactors & Relays:Rau kev tswj lub cev muaj zog cov lus qhia (nce / nqis, sab laug / sab xis, pem hauv ntej / rov qab).

Overload tam sim no Relays:Tiv thaiv txhua lub cev muaj zog los ntawm tam sim no overload.

Transformer:Cov kauj ruam qis 380V mus rau kev tswj hluav taws xob.

Tus neeg ua haujlwm Pendant:

Ib tug raug tshem tawm, kaw hlau los yog yas thawv nrognceb - taub hau thaum muaj xwm ceev nres khawmthiab kev taw qhia laub khawm (Up / Down, Sab laug / Txoj Cai, Forward / Back).

Txuas nrog lub crane los ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov cable.

 

4.3 Kev nyab xeeb & txwv cov cuab yeej

Mus ncig teb chaws Limit Switches:

Rau Bridge Travel: Lever - arm type limit switchesmounted ntawm ob qhov kawg ntawm tus choj girder. Cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm lub tsev khiav haujlwm ua kom lawv txiav lub zog.

Rau Trolley Travel:Zoo sib xws lever- npab keyboards mounted ntawm lub trolley ncej, qhib los ntawm strikers ntawm lub ntsiab girders.

Hoist Limit Switches:Ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob hoist (raws li tau hais los saum no).

Emergency Stop Buttons:Nyob rau pendant thiab feem ntau kuj nyob rau hauv lub tswj vaj huam sib luag.

5. SAFETY & AUXILARY COMPONENTS

Buffers & Bumpers:Roj hmab, polyurethane, los yog hydraulic buffers ntawm lub kawg tsheb thiab trolley.

Rail Sweeps:Hlau daim hlau txuas ua ntej ntawm tus choj lub log kom tshem cov khib nyiab los ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau.

Taug kev & Guardrails:Kev pabcuam platforms nrog rau tes nrog ib sab ntawm tus choj rau kev saib xyuas kev nkag.

Ladder & Access Platform:Tsau ntaiv los ntawm av mus rau theem taug kev.

Ceeb toom Device:Lub tswb hluav taws xob lossis buzzer, feem ntau qhib tau txais thaum lub crane pib txav.

Teeb pom kev zoo:Lub teeb dej nyab ntawm tus choj kom pom qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv qab no.

6. Txhawb nqa kev lag luam

Cov no feem ntau yog muab los ntawm tus neeg cog lus lub tsev, tsis yog cov chaw tsim khoom crane, tab sis tseem ceeb heev.

Runway Beams:Hlau lossis pob zeb kab teeb uas txhawb nqa txoj hlua. Yuav tsum tau tsim rau lub crane lub log loads.

Crane Rails: P- hom (P38, P43, P50)los yogQU-type (QU70, QU80, QU100)steel rails. Ruaj ntseg rau txoj kab hluav taws xob khiav nrograil clips thiab bolts.

Rail End Nres:Hnyav hlau nres ntawm lub cev kawg ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los tiv thaiv lub crane khiav tawm.

Sketch

Main technical

 

 

Qhov zoo ntawm QDY Qauv Hluav Taws Xob Hook Ob Chav Girder Choj Crane

1. Heavy-Lub luag haujlwm thauj khoom muaj peev xwm

Muab ob npaug rau lub thawv girder qauv muab siab zog thiab rigidity

Haum rauloj tonnage lifting (feem ntau 20-250 tons)

Tsim los rau cov chav kawm ua haujlwm siab xws liA5–A8

 

2. Kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab txhim khu kev qha

Winch trolley xyuas kom du nqa thiab txo qis

Txo deflection thiab vibration thaum ua haujlwm

Haum rau ntev -span thiab siab - load tej yam kev mob

 

3. Qhov siab nqa qhov siab & dav dav

Trolley khiav ntawm txoj hlua mounted rau saum cov girders

Tso cai loj lifting qhov siab thiab customized spans

Zoo tagnrho rau siab -chaw ua haujlwm bay thiab cov chaw tsim khoom hnyav

 

4. Kev hloov tau zoo rau qhov hnyav ib puag ncig

tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li:

Kub kub

Cov xwm txheej plua plav

Cov av noo siab

Kev xaiv cua sov-tiv taus, plua plav- pov thawj, lossis corrosion- cov qauv tsim muaj

 

5. Kev ua haujlwm siab

High lifting ceev thiab mus txawv tebchaws kev xaiv

Haum rau kev ua haujlwm tas li thiab nquag nqa

Txhim kho ntau lawm efficiency nyob rau hauv hnyav manufacturing

 

6. Cov txheej txheem tswj tau yooj yim

Operator cabin (tus qauv rau cov tonnage loj cranes)

Pendant tswj

Wireless chaw taws teeb tswj (yeem)

Zaus inverter (VFD) rau kev tswj ceev ceev

 

7. Ua tiav kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb

Overload txwv

Upper thiab qis lifting txwv keyboards

Emergency nres system

Buffers thiab rail sweepers

Anti- cov khoom siv derailment

Kev saib xyuas thiab tiv thaiv -sway systems

 

8. Lub neej ua haujlwm ntev & Kev saib xyuas yooj yim

Cov qauv tsim muaj zog thiab siab - cov khoom zoo

Yooj yim nkag mus rau trolley, motors, thiab hluav taws xob tshuab

Tus nqi kho qis dua - siv sijhawm ntev

 

Daim ntawv thov ntawm QDY Qauv Hluav Taws Xob Hook Ob Chav Girder Choj Crane

QDY crane yog dav siv hauvkev lag luam hnyav thiab loj - cov chaw tsim khoom loj.

1. Kev lag luam metallurgical

Steel mills thiab foundries

Kev tuav cov khoom siv hlau molten (tsis yog- siv ladle)

Lifting steel slabs, billets, thiab loj castings

2. Machinery Manufacturing

Kev sib dhos thiab tuav cov tshuab hnyav

Nqa cov cuab yeej siv tshuab loj, nias, thiab pwm

3. Lub zog cog

Kev txhim kho thiab kho cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab turbines

Kov transformers thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hnyav

4. Shipbuilding & Heavy Equipment Rhiav

Tuav cov khoom siv nkoj thiab cov qauv hlau loj

Kev sib dhos ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw tsim khoom loj

5. Cov khoom siv cog ntoo

Kov loj prefabricated Cheebtsam

Lifting qhob pwm thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom hnyav

6. Kev lag luam tsheb ciav hlau & kev thauj mus los

Lifting locomotives, wagons, thiab rail Cheebtsam

Kev txhim kho thiab kho kev cob qhia

 

CovQDY Qauv Hluav Taws Xob Hook Ob Chav Girder Choj Craneyog ahnyav- lub luag hauj lwm overhead crane nruab nrog lub winch trolley, tsim rauloj lifting muaj peev xwm, siab ua hauj lwm lub luag hauj lwm, thiab nruam kev lag luam. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ua raws li cov qauv nruj thiab kev nyab xeeb xws liGB / T, FEM, ISO, thiab CE.

1. Engineering Design & Planning

Load peev, span, lifting qhov siab, thiab lub luag hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv lees paub

Kev suav cov qauv thiab FEM tsom xam

Kev xaiv ntawm winch trolley, motors, reducers, thiab brakes

Hluav taws xob system thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntaus ntawv configuration

2. Cov khoom siv raw xaiv & tshuaj xyuas

Siab -lub zog steel qauv (Q235B / Q345B lossis sib npaug)

Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj steel thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab

Ultrasonic kuaj rau sab hauv tsis xws luag

Txhaj tshuaj blasting los yog deg tu ua ntej fabrication

3. CNC txiav & Kev npaj cov khoom

CNC plasma los yog nplaim taws txiav ntawm daim hlau girder, stiffeners, diaphragms

Ntug beveling rau vuam

Dimensional soj ntsuam thiab qhia ib feem

4. Ob chav Girder Fabrication

4.1 Box Girder Assembly

Kev sib dhos ntawm lub vev xaib, flange daim hlau, thiab sab hauv diaphragms

Siv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb los xyuas kom meej camber kom raug thiab sib dhos

4.2 Tsis siv neeg vuam

Submerged arc vuam rau longitudinal seams

CO₂ roj-shielded vuam rau cov pob qij txha thiab kev txhawb zog

4.3 Kev ntxhov siab & Kev Ncaj Ncees

Kev kho cua sov lossis kev vibration kev ntxhov siab

Mechanical straightening kom kho deformation

4.4 Tsis yog-Kev kuaj kev puas tsuaj

Kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT)

Sib Nqus Particle Test (MT)

Kev kuaj pom ntawm tag nrho cov welds

5. Xaus Carriage Manufacturing

Vuam ntawm lub thawv- hom kab kab kawg

CNC machining ntawm lub log mounting nto

Installation ntawm:

Crane log

Tsav tsheb mus txawv tebchaws

iav reducers

Braking systems

Kev sib tw log thiab kev xeem khiav

6. Winch Trolley & Hoisting Mechanism los ua ke

Fabrication ntawm trolley ncej

Installation ntawm:

Hoisting lub cev muaj zog

iav reducer

Hlau hlua nruas

Hook block thiab pulley system

Installation ntawm overload limiter thiab lifting txwv keyboards

Trolley mus ncig teb chaws lub cev muaj zog thiab nres installation

7. Hluav taws xob sib dhos

Hluav taws xob tswj txee manufacturing

Txhim kho cov contactors, relays, PLC, VFD (yeem)

Kev xaim ntawm hoisting, trolley, thiab crane mus txawv tebchaws

Kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb

8. Kev kho deg & pleev xim

8.1 Phom Blasting

Steel qauv blasted rauSa 2.5txheem

8.2 Painting txheej txheem

Epoxy zinc-nplua nuj primer

Epoxy intermediate txheej

Polyurethane topcoat

Xim thiab txheej thickness customized raws li xav tau

9. Crane Assembly & Pre-Commissioning

Kev sib dhos ntawm ob chav girders thiab kawg carriages

Installation ntawm winch trolley ntawm girder rails

Fais fab mov system installation (busbar lossis festoon cable)

Hluav taws xob thaiv thiab kev kuaj xyuas ua haujlwm

10. Hoobkas Txais Kev Xeem (FAT)

Kev xeem suav nrog:

Tsis muaj -load haujlwm kuaj

Static load test (125% rated peev)

Dynamic load test (110% rated peev)

Braking kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntsuas ceev

Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv kev nyab xeeb thiab txwv kev hloov pauv

11. Ntim & Kev thauj mus los

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ntim rau hauv cov ntoo crates

Trolley tiv thaiv nrog steel kev txhawb nqa

Girders qhwv nrog noo noo- cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj

Thauj los ntawm lub thawv los yog bulk shipping

12. Nyob rau -Site Installation & Commissioning

Installation ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob

Hluav taws xob txuas thiab grounding

Kev kuaj zaum kawg thiab kev kuaj xyuas kev nyab xeeb

Kev cob qhia tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab xa mus

13. Kev soj ntsuam zaum kawg & Cov ntaub ntawv

Kev lees txais thiab kos npe - tawm

Kev xa cov ntawv pov thawj, phau ntawv qhia, thiab cov ntawv xeem

Warranty thiab tom qab - kev muag khoom

Rhiav saib:

Lub tuam txhab tau teeb tsa cov cuab yeej ntse tswj kev tswj hwm lub platform, thiab tau teeb tsa 310 teeb (teev) ntawm kev tuav thiab vuam robots. Tom qab ua tiav ntawm txoj kev npaj, yuav muaj ntau tshaj 500 teeb (sets), thiab cov khoom siv sib txuas sib txuas yuav ncav cuag 95% . 32 cov kab vuam tau muab tso rau hauv kev siv, 50 tau npaj los nruab, thiab automation tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov khoom kab tau mus txog 85%.